“List Diving” Skips Top Candidates Awaiting Donor Kidneys

A kidney from a deceased donor is supposed to be allocated to the top-ranked patient on a transplant center’s waiting list, identified using an objective algorithm to rank patients based on patient age, waiting time, and other factors.

But a new study by Columbia researchers has found that some centers routinely skip their highest-ranking candidate to give the kidney to a lower-ranked patient. This practice, known as “list diving,” occurs with little oversight and transparency, harming some patients and possibly contributing to disparities in organ transplantation and discard of donor organs.

“It’s an open secret that some transplant centers regularly apply their own criteria for matching donor kidneys to eligible patients,” says study leader Sumit Mohan, MD, a kidney transplant physician and professor of medicine at Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons. “But no one has examined if this practice is widespread.”

The study was published online June 5 in JAMA Network Open.

Study details

In the study, Mohan and colleagues analyzed approximately 6,000 transplant candidates and 4,700 transplants at 11 centers between 2015 and 2019. Each center was geographically isolated, meaning that it could decline the offer of a kidney for a top-ranked candidate without losing it to another center but still accept the organ for a lower-priority patient.

The study found that most kidneys offered to these centers (68%) were not placed with the top-ranked candidates on the waiting list and instead went to candidates further down the center’s list. Most often, centers cited concerns about organ quality when declining the offer for the top-ranked candidate.

According to the researchers, declined offers are presumably rooted in the centers’ belief that the top-ranked patient is likely to receive better quality organ offers within a reasonable time frame, and that shorter wait times for lower-priority candidates would offset the lower organ quality. “For example, if you have a 25-year-old at the top of the list and the center is offered a kidney from a 75-year-old donor, the center might decline that offer, believing it’s better suited for an older candidate lower down on the list,” Mohan says.

However, the new study shows that other factors are probably at play since only 44% of the highest-quality kidneys were placed with the highest-ranked candidates. “It seems that transplant centers often overlook their top candidates and there are many organ declines that we don’t have a good explanation for,” says Mohan, who is also professor of epidemiology at Columbia University's Mailman School of Public Health.

Ethics of list diving

There are several issues with list diving, according to the researchers. Although skipped candidates may receive a future offer, and it may even be a higher-quality organ, it’s not uncommon for patients to die while waitlisted or deteriorate to the point that they are removed from the list after having had offers declined on their behalf without their knowledge. In addition, declined offers create inefficiencies that add to the time that an organ is kept on ice, compromising organ viability. At present, one in four viable donated kidneys is discarded, at great cost to patients and to society given that kidney transplantation is the most cost-effective therapy for end-stage kidney disease.

Another concern is that organs are typically declined on behalf of patients. “Patients are rarely involved in the decision-making process and transplant centers do not currently inform patients when an organ offer is declined on their behalf,” Mohan says. “We should give patients more say in the process and have them participate in shared decision-making.”

List diving may contribute to disparities in access to transplantation. Other studies have demonstrated that organ declines can be subjective, with differences reported based on the recipient’s race and other factors, such as obesity.

The system could benefit from improved allocation algorithms that more precisely match specific organs to recipients, the researchers say, and more transparency in the way organs are allocated.

“All told, list diving undermines the intended objective design of the allocation system in a manner that is shrouded from both patients and regulatory oversight,” Mohan says, “and it risks undermining the trust that patients and donor families have in a fair and equitable system.”